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이 문서는 위키미디어 공용의 공식 정책의 번역본입니다. 이 번역본은 불완전하거나, 최신 정보를 반영하지 못하거나, 신뢰성이 떨어질 수 있습니다. 영어로 작성된 것이 문서의 정본이라는 점을 명심하시기 바랍니다.

분류 또는 카테고리(Category)는 미디어위키의 소프트웨어 기능으로, 관련 문서와 미디어를 그룹화하기 위해 고안된 특수 문서입니다. 실제로는 특정 주제를 특정 범주와 연관시킬 것임을 의미합니다. 범주 이름은 주제를 추측하기에 충분해야 하지만, 추가 텍스트를 통해 정확하게 정의할 수 있습니다. 분류 구조는 Commons에서 파일을 정리하고 찾는 주요 방법입니다. 분류 구조를 검색하여 모든 파일을 찾는 것이 필수적입니다. 이를 허용하려면 각 파일을 분류에 직접 넣어야 합니다. 각 분류는 그 자체로 더 일반적인 분류에 있어야 하며 계층 구조를 형성한다.

간단한 가이드

1. 적절한 분류를 찾는 방법

  • 검색엔진으로 카테고리를 찾기(상단의 검색창에 'cat:search terms'를 입력하기; #분류 팁 참조)
  • 또는 유사한 파일이 어떻게 분류되는지 확인하십시오 (일부는 분류되지 않을 수 있음)
  • 또는 주요 주제 분류(Category:Topics)에서 시작하십시오.
  • 이들 분류에서 시작하여 부모 또는 하위 분류를 확인하여 적절한 분류를 찾는다. 너무 일반적인 분류를 선택하는 것을 피하세요.

2. 파일에 분류 추가

  • 업로드 양식에 추가
  • 또는 파일 설명 페이지에 [[Category:Foobar]]를 수동으로 추가합니다 (#Categorizing Pages 참조)
  • 또는 분류 이름을 자동 완성할 수 있는 HotCat을 쓰십시오. (Help:소도구-HotCat 참조)
  • 또는 Cat-a-lot을 사용하여 한 번에 많은 파일을 분류합니다.(Help:Gadget-Cat-a-lot/ko 참조)

위키미디어 공용의 분류 구조

원칙

Shortcut

주된 원칙은 다음과 같습니다.

단게적 원칙

분류 구조는 (이상적으로) 유일한 상위 분류인 Category:CommonsRoot를 갖는 다중 계층이다. 모든 분류(CommonsRoot 제외)는 적어도 하나의 다른 분류에 포함되어야 한다. 순환이 없어야 한다(즉, 분류가 직접적으로 또는 간접적으로 자신을 포함해서는 안 된다).

모듈 방식 원칙

페이지(파일, 분류)는 페이지(상위 분류에 직접적으로 연결되지 않음)에 맞는 가장 구체적인 분류에 넣어야 합니다. 분류는 더 많은 상위 분류를 가질 수 있습니다. 분류는 두 가지(또는 그 이상) 다른 기준을 결합할 수 있으며, 이러한 분류를 "복합 분류" 또는 "교차 분류"라고 한다. 예를 들어, 최상위 분류 Category:Churches와 최상위 분류 Category:Russia는 공통 하위분류 Churches in Russia를 가지고 있다.

단순성 원칙

이 원칙은 너무 많은 기준을 결합하지 말 것을 제안합니다. 예를 들어, 어떤 파일에 "러시아에 있는 나무 문이 달린 녹색 교회"가 있다고 가정해 보겠습니다. 앞서 언급했듯이, 상위 분류로는 Category:Churches와 Category:Russia, 그리고 Category:Green churches와 Category:Wooden doors가 존재할 수 있습니다. 또한, 더 넓은 분류들의 중복을 나타내는 더 구체적인 하위 분류, 예를 들어 Category:Churches in Russia와 같은 분류가 존재할 수도 있습니다. 그러나 단순성 원칙에 따르면 "나무 문이 달린 러시아의 녹색 교회"라는 범주는 너무 세분화된 것입니다.

Selectivity principle

우리는 다른 주제와 관련된 항목들을 같은 범주에 분류해서는 안 됩니다. 주제마다 한 가지 카테고리가 있어야 하며, 다중 주체 카테고리를 피해야 한다. 카테고리 이름은 명확하고 동명하지 않아야 한다.

일관성 원칙

동일한 항목은 모든 국가와 분류의 모든 수준에 동일한 이름을 가지고 있어야 합니다. 분류 구조는 가능한 한 체계적이고 통일적이어야 하며, 가능하면 보편성을 위해 지역 방언과 용어를 억제해야 합니다. 아날로그 분류 지부는 아날로그 구조를 가지고 있어야 합니다.

Types of reflected relations

The category structure should reflect a hierarchy of concepts, from the most generic one down to the very specific. The structure uses and combines more types of relation, e. g.

  • Hyponymy: a sort/kind/type of… (typically in biological taxonomy)
  • Meronymy: a part of…, a member of… (typically for geographical division, building/room, device/component etc.)
  • Attributes:
    • Qualitative and general attributes (color, shape, size, ability or disability, nationality, technique, quality, awards…)
    • Location: where, in…, from… (place/event, place/building, place/exhibit, place/people, country/language, source/work, factory or country/product etc.)
    • Timing: when (time/event, time/depicted situation, time of birth, inception or construction, time of death, demolition or termination etc.)
  • Agentive and influence relations: (creator/work, device/product, company/product, discipline or profession/their subjects and terms, parent/children, subordination, owner/property, initiator/follower, subject/other subjects dedicated to it or named after it, subject/its duplicate, imitation, depiction or symbol etc etc.)
  • Modification: original/modified or modified/original (avoid cyclic structure) – renamed, rebuilt, repurposed or transformed subjects.

Major categories

The top-most categories (the ones contained directly in CommonsRoot) divide the category structure by the purpose of the contained categories:

  • Category:Topics – This category is the global common root of the media files categorized by the TOPIC. ALL media files should be categorized under this category for the sake of allowing others to find them by topic. Topical categories shouldn't be included through templates.
  • Category:Copyright statuses – This category is the global common root of the media files categorized by the LICENSE. ALL media files should be categorized under this category with the appropriate license tag. This type of category is added by including it in the templates.
  • Category:Media by source – This category is the global common root of the media files categorized by the SOURCE, where they come from (books, collections, sites, etc.). This type of category is generally added by template.
  • Category:Media types – This category is the global common root of the media files categorized by the MEDIA TYPE. Please note that this type of categorization is sometimes omitted for images, since the vast majority of files on the Commons are images of some sort.
  • Category:Commons – This category is the global common root of categorizing Commons maintenance tasks and pages (Commons:-, and Help:-) except for media files. The translated pages in each language should be categorized under their language categories, using the "Category:Commons-ISO-LANGUAGE-CODE" style. The structure of Category:Commons-en is the sample hierarchy for every other language sub category. Do not use two colons in category or page names. See this discussion and Help:Namespaces.
There is a sub category Category:Commons maintenance content, which is for the special maintenance of Wikimedia Commons global common contents and which does not get translated.　ALL media files should be categorized under the first 4 categories below, but ONLY files having problems and needing to be fixed should also be in the sub-category Category:Commons maintenance content.
  • Category:User categories – this is for categories that contain Commons users' galleries, images and texts, sorted by things like the language they speak. This also contains the Category:User galleries, which is for user specific (i.e. non-topic) galleries that don't need to be in English language.

How to use categories

You should always put your uploads into categories and/or gallery pages according to topic, so your contributions can be found and used by others.

It is rarely necessary to create a new category (there are exceptions, such as uploading a new text and see People below). Before doing so, make sure you are familiar with the existing category structure, and with the customs and policies of the Commons. Please see if there exists a category scheme or a Commons project for your topic, and follow the conventions described there.

Category names

Category names should generally be in English (see Commons:언어 정책). However, there are exceptions such as:

  • some proper names
  • biological taxa
  • names for which the non-English name is most commonly used in the English language (or there is no evidence of usage of an English-language version)

Latin alphabets are used in original form including diacritics and derived letters, non-Latin alphabets are transcribed to the English Latin script. Basic English characters (ISO/IEC 646) are preferred over national variants or extension character sets (for instance, 'straight' apostrophes over 'curly'), where reasonable.

Categories grouping subcategories by name should generally be named "by name" rather than "by alphabet" (e.g. Category:Ships by name).

We still lack internationalization for category names, but this issue should be resolved with appropriate changes to the MediaWiki software (see T31928: Show translated titles per user language in categories too). Creating intermingled category structures in different languages would only make things worse.

For a general discussion of MediaWiki's category feature, see the manual page on categories.

Categorizing pages

HotCat can be used to add a category or multiple to a page without having to edit the wikitext. It features autocomplete and automatically resolves redirects.

To add a page (be it an image, a gallery page, or a category page) to a category, add the following code to the end of the page.

[[Category:Category name]]

For example, if you are uploading a diagram showing the orbit of comets, you could add the following to the image description page: 

[[Category:Orbits of comets]]

This will make the diagram show up in the category Orbits of comets (which is located underneath Category:Astronomical diagrams).

For information on how to find good categories for your uploads and galleries, read the section Find an appropriate category below.

Creating a new category

To create a new category:

  1. Do a thorough search, to be sure there isn't an existing category that will serve the purpose.
  2. Find images (or a gallery or other pages) which should be put in the new category. Edit this page, and at the end insert the new category reference. e.g. [[Category:Title]]. Save the edited page. The new category appears as a red link at the bottom of the page.
  3. Click on that red link. The new, empty, category page appears for editing. You can now edit the category like any other wiki page.

A category page should contain the following information (in order of importance):

  • Category-links that put it into one or more parent categories. At the bottom of the new page, insert lines of the form [[Category:Relevant categories]].
  • A short description text that explains what should be in the category, if the title is not clear or unambiguous enough on its own. Descriptions in particular languages can be tagged e.g. with the template {{ab|...}} for description in Abkhazian, {{en|...}} for description in English, etc., as listed in Commons:Language templates); or using the {{Multilingual description}} template to show only the description in the user’s preferred language if there is one.
  • Interwiki or interlanguage links to the article or category with the same topic in Wikipedia by adding the appropriate sitelinks on the corresponding Wikidata page. After creating the category page, click "Add links" under "In Wikipedia" on the bottom of the sidebar to the left to add them.

See also #How to categorize: guidance by topic for guidance on specific classes of category, e.g. categories about #People.

Sorting categories

If a category should be sorted according to a different string than the category title, there are two ways:

Defining a sortkey (sort string) for all parent categories: 

{{DEFAULTSORT:sortkey}}
[[Category:Parent category A]]
[[Category:Parent category B]]
This will sort the category into all parent categories under the specified sortkey. For instance, the title of a category about a person would not be the right sort string. For such categories, insert just before the categories a line with the correct sort string like:
{{DEFAULTSORT:Lastname, Firstname}}

Defining a sortkey only for one of the parent categories: 

[[Category:Parent category A|sortkey]]
[[Category:Parent category B]]
This will also override any maybe defined DEFAULTSORT for ‘Parent category A’.

The default sort order on Commons is: 

░ ! " # $ % & ' ( ) * + , - . / 0 9 : ; < = > ? @ A a Z z [ \ ] ^ _ ` { | } ~ É é 📚

→See also: Meta:Help:Sorting#Sort modes for more information.

Renaming or moving categories

Please see Commons:Rename a category.

For more appropriate categorization

Pages (including category pages) are categorized according to their subject, and not to their contents, because the contents are generally not a permanent feature of the category page; in particular, you can momentarily find inappropriate contents in a category page.

Example: Assume that Category:Spheres contains only pictures of crystal balls. You must not add Category:Glass in the category page, according to the current contents, because you can have spheres made with a great variety of materials. Normally, any picture showing a glass object would be already categorized in Category:Glass (or in a category of its substructure). So, if the Category:Spheres is really crowded with crystal balls pictures, it would be a better idea to create a new category page, like Category:Glass spheres or Category:Crystal balls, categorized in Category:Spheres and Category:Glass.

Generally files should only be in the most specific category that exists for certain topic. For example, files in Category:Looking up the center of the Eiffel Tower should not also be in Category:Paris (see over-categorization below). If you do not find a category that fits your purpose, you can create it – but carefully read the section about using categories first.

This does not mean that an image only belongs in one category; it just means that images should not be in redundant or non-specific categories. For instance, an image of a Polar Bear being rescued from an iceberg by a helicopter should be in Category:Ursus maritimus, Category:Icebergs and Category:Rescue helicopters. It should not, however, be in Category:Ursidae, Category:Sea ice or Category:Aircraft.

Categorization tips

The categories you choose for your uploads should answer as many as possible of the following questions:

The above questions cover the main aspects of the image to be categorized. For some images it makes sense to use all, for other images only one or two are reasonable. In addition there are several other aspects of the images that can be used to categorize the image:

This last set is useful and important but should always be done in addition of the main set of criteria.

Categorization in Wikimedia Commons is more detailed and deep than categorization in Wikipedia projects. Compared to them, Commons has more categories for individual subjects – places, people, organizations, events, terms, etc. Almost every article on a Wikipedia can have a corresponding category on Commons. However, even if there exist more images of an ordinary person or incidental event, it is practical to group them into a special category and categorize that category instead of categorizing all similar images individually to an identical set of parent categories.

Find an appropriate category

To find appropriate categories for your uploads, you should navigate the category structure starting from a generic category. Narrow your search down to subcategories until you find the most specific category/ies that fit(s) the file you uploaded. You can navigate the category structure by following links to subcategories, or expanding the tree of subcategories by clicking on the little ▶ symbols on subcategory names. The Major categories section above provides a starting point, and the How to categorize: guidance by topic covers some more topics.

Over-categorization

for the inclusion criteria (the equivalent of w:WP:OVERCAT) see Commons:Category inclusion criteria

Don't place an item into a category and its parent. For example, a black and white photo of the Eiffel Tower should be placed in Black and white photographs of the Eiffel Tower. It should not be placed in both that category and the Paris category at the same time.
Shortcuts

Over-categorization is placing a file, category or other page in several levels of the same branch in the category tree. The general rule is always place an image in the most specific categories, and not in the levels above those. Exceptions to this rule are explained in the section below.

Example: An image needing to be categorized shows a yellow circle. This image should be placed in Category:Yellow circles. If it is also placed in Category:Circles, it is over-categorized. We already know that it's a circle, because all yellow circles are circles. Therefore, Category:Circles is redundant. Template:Uw-overcat can be used to advise users of this.

This applies to most files: As mentioned under the adjacent illustration, files in Category:Black and white photographs of the Eiffel Tower should not also be in Category:Paris, files in Category:Albert Einstein should not be in Category:Physicists from Germany and so on.

Why over-categorization is a problem

It's often assumed that the more categories an image is in, the easier it will be to find it. Another example: By that logic, every image showing a man should be in Category:Men, because even if you know nothing more about the person you're looking for than that he is a man, you'll be able to find it. The result is that the top category fills up, making it necessary to go through hundreds, or in this case more likely thousands of images to find the one you want. You probably won't find what you're looking for, and what's more, those who are looking for a generic picture of a man to illustrate an article like en:Man will find that they've drowned out among the movie stars, scientists and politicians.

On lower levels, the problem becomes less acute, since the number of images will be smaller — they can still easily reach into the hundreds, though. But there is still a problem: Let's go back to Einstein. I know that he's a physicist, so I'll look in the Category:Physicists category. I find an image of Einstein among the hundreds of images of other physicists, which I'm not too happy with, but it's the only one there. Since there was an image there, I assume that there are no more hidden elsewhere, rather than look further in Category:Physicists from Germany and thus find Category:Albert Einstein where there might be a better one. So over-categorization has led to two problems: The top category is cluttered, and users will stop looking for the most relevant category since they've reached one that has a relevant image.

Improper categorization of categories is a cause of over-categorization

Strange as it may sound, under-categorization can be a cause of over-categorization. When a category itself is not properly categorized, it can lead users to over-categorize files belonging in that category. An example of this: Category:Eivør Pálsdóttir was categorized only in Category:People by name. A user categorizing an image of her might then be tempted to also place the image in Category:Female vocalists from the Faroe Islands. The correct solution is to place the image only in Category:Eivør Pálsdóttir and to make that category a subcategory of Category:Female vocalists from the Faroe Islands. At that point, however, any images that were already placed into both categories become overcategorized and need to be manually removed from the parent category.

A related problem is erroneous categorization. Notting Hill is a district within the borough of Kensington and Chelsea in London. When it was created, Category:Notting Hill was placed directly in Category:London instead of in the Category:Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea subcategory, where it should have been placed. A user categorizing an image of Notting Hill might then be tempted to place it both in Category:Notting Hill and in Category:Royal Borough of Kensington and Chelsea. Instead, each image should be placed only in the most specific categories, and those categories should in turn be placed in their most specific categories.

When you encounter improperly categorized categories, please place them in the appropriate parent categories if you are able to do so. That will not only help avoid over-categorization, but it will also make it easier to move through the category tree.

Exception for images with more categorized subjects

A file that depicts only one relevant subject should not be over-categorized. Where a file depicts additional relevant subjects, and the additional subjects do not have their own subcategories, consideration can be given to temporarily categorizing the image in both the subcategory and the parent category.

For example, this situation might arise in the case of a photograph of three politicians, one of whom is Angela Merkel (who has her own Commons category), with two other politicians who do not yet have their own categories. While the image would undoubtedly be categorized in Category:Angela Merkel or one of its subcategories, it would typically be considered to be over-categorization to also include it in Category:Politicians of Germany. Users would, however, be unlikely to search for the two other politicians in the Merkel category. Ideally, we would create specific subcategories for the two other politicians (where warranted), or find other relevant subcategories (e.g. Category:Politicians of Bavaria or Category:Members of the FDP, etc.), that would enable us to avoid over-categorization. In some circumstances, however, we may need to temporarily categorize the image in Category:Politicians of Germany where other appropriate subcategories do not yet exist.

Countries may be categorized as part of multiple overlapping categories. For example, Category:India is in Category:Countries of South Asia as well as Category:Countries of Asia.

Also user categories are exempted of over-categorization as those are not visible to most viewers, and project users include them for many different purposes like sorting, stats, filling values for userboxes, etc.

How to categorize: guidance by topic

For some categories, there is special guidance on how best to sort content within that category. This guidance can be found in a category scheme or a Commons project for your topic. There is also some categorizing information in this section and sometimes there is guidance at the top of the category's page, in the Category namespace. So, for instance, some guidance on categorizing content depicting people is at the top of Category:People, and some is in the section People below.

Architectural structures

Content depicting Architectural structures, e.g. Buildings and Tunnels, can be classified like this:

Architectural Structure Category. First check if there is already a category for this specific structure.

  • If yes: put it in there.
  • If no: If you have more than two pictures: create a new category, named after the structure. For example Category:Rheinbrücke Emmerich. Use the common name, not necessarily the English one.

Then you categorize the category (NOT each single picture!) under the following possibilities:

In many cases, "intersection categories" will already exist, covering two or more of these considerations in a single category, such as Category:Egyptian Revival architecture in France or Category:Destroyed hotels in Japan.

Afterwards, categorize the image by the way the structure is depicted, such as the following (or, typically, their subcategories):

Also consider the part and the context visible:

People

Content depicting people should be put in categories which describe them, such as Category:Economists from the United States. Start exploring at Category:People.

Please see Commons:Suggested category scheme for people for details on how to name and organize these categories.

Landscapes, outdoor views

Content depicting a given subject from a common vantage point are grouped in Views of Subject from Viewpoint categories such as Views of Cathedral of Seville from the Giralda. Such categories should be subcategories of both the subject's category (Cathedral of Seville in this example) and the viewpoint's category (Giralda in this example).

In this example, the Views of Cathedral of Seville from the Giralda category is not placed directly in the subject and viewpoint categories, but in Views of the Cathedral of Seville and Views from Giralda. Such intermediate categories are often necessary to create structure and avoid over-categorization, particularly for views of a city from a vantage point located within the city. For example, Views of Rome from the Pincio needs the intermediate category Views of Rome to avoid placing it directly in Rome, which would constitute over-categorization.

Texts

Texts, such as scans of books, should normally have a category for each version of the scan and each edition of the text. Thus a book published in three separate editions would have a parent category for the book, three subcategories for each text, and further subcategories for the text as a jpeg, a DjVu, etc., assuming each version had actually been uploaded. (Categories would not be created for editions not held on Commons.) This is particularly important for files in formats other than DjVu and PDF, where the category is the only practical means of keeping the scans together; see eg. Category:The Chronicles of England, Scotland and Ireland, Holinshed, 1587 which contains 2857 jpeg images of page scans.

GLAMs

For categorization issues related to mass content donations from GLAMs (Galleries, Libraries, Archives & Museums), please see Commons:Guide to batch uploading#Categories.

Categorization workflow

Currently, a bot checks if newly uploaded files are categorized in topical categories and attempts to categorize files that are not. Before 17 June 2015, CategorizationBot was responsible for this job. As of June 2019, SteinsplitterBot occasionally checks for uncategorized files. The workflow is the following:

  1. User uploads a new file and adds categories (or not).
  2. A bot checks if the file is categorized.
  3. Users categorize files further (e.g. category diffusion below)

See also: User:CategorizationBot#Process, categorization statistics

Other, if manual, categorization workflows are possible :

  • Category filling: Use appropriate keywords in the search engine to find the files that should be in a given category, and put them there.
  • Category diffusing: Go to Category:Categories requiring diffusion, select a crowded category, create appropriate subcategories if needed, and move the files to the subcategories. Gadgets like Cat-a-lot and HotCat can help.

Categories marked with "HIDDENCAT"

단축

Many non-topical categories are marked with the magic word __HIDDENCAT__ or {{Hiddencat}} on the category page. The advantage of using the template is that there will be an additional Infobox for the user stating that: 

"This category is not shown on its member pages unless the appropriate user preference is set."

An example of using __HIDDENCAT__ is Category:PD NASA. An example of using the template is Category:Wildtunis/100WikiCommonsDays.

While categories are generally visible on every page, categories marked with __HIDDENCAT__ or {{Hiddencat}} are only visible:

  • on the edit screen: at the end of the screen, below the edit box
  • on category pages:
    • on subcategories to the hidden category: in the normal location, but on a separate line with a smaller typeface and the label "Hidden categories."
    • on parent categories: in the same way as other categories
  • on file description pages and gallery pages: for logged-in users who have selected to "Show hidden categories" in their appearance preferences. This is activated for all newly registered users.

This feature is generally used for template-based categories, such as license tag based categories. For example, placing {{PD-old-100}} on a file description page adds the file to Category:Author died more than 100 years ago public domain images, which is marked with __HIDDENCAT__.

For more details, see the help section on hidden categories for Mediawiki (the software that Commons uses).

Templates for categories

Some templates are designed for use on category pages - see Category:Category namespace templates.

If the category is linked to a Wikidata entry, then you can use:

  • {{Wikidata Infobox}} which displays a summary of the topic's information that is available on Wikidata, and also auto-adds birth/death/name/monument ID categories.

Some of the more commonly used ones are Category:Category header templates such as:

Tools

Further information: Commons:Tools/ko
  • Gadgets enabled through the user preferences
    • Cat-a-lot: A tool that helps with moving multiple files between categories or adding categories to search results. [documentation / talk] 
    • HotCat: d Easily add / remove / change a category on a page, with name suggestions. [documentation / example / talk] 
    • Gallery Details: Adds a link in the toolbox to display galleries and categories (and Newimages and Search result pages) with extensive details from file description pages and links to easily mark an image without source, etc. If Pretty log is activated, it also works on Log pages. [documentation / talk] 
    • Place categories above content, but below image on file description pages.  Modifies the placement of categories on the user interface.
    • Add a link to category pages to search for the category name with the option "-incategory". This excludes files already in the category (doesn't work if the category was added by a template). [talk] 

See also

Backlogs and requests
Essays
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